The pretori have penal jurisdiction regarding all misdemeanours (contravvenzioni) or offences (delitti) punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three months or by fantastic not exceeding 1000 lire (£40). The penal tribunals have jurisdiction in circumstances involving imprisonment up to 10 years, or a fine exceeding £40, while the assize courts, with a jury, deal with offences involving imprisonment for all times or over ten years, and have exclusive jurisdiction (besides that the senate is occasionally a excessive court of justice) over all political offences. The ministries are: inside (beneath whom are the prefects of the a number of provinces), overseas affairs, treasury (separated from finance in 1889), finance, public works, justice and ecclesiastical affairs, conflict, marine, public instruction, commerce, trade and agriculture, posts and telegraphs (separated from public works in 1889). Each minister is aided by an below-secretary of state at a salary of £500. Besides its legislative features, the senate is the very best courtroom of justice within the case of political offences or the impeachment of ministers. He holds supreme command by land and sea, appoints ministers and officials, promulgates the laws, coins cash, bestows honours, has the correct of pardoning, and summons and dissolves the parliament.
Ministers might attend the debates of either home but can only vote in that of which they are members. Others, e.g. members of the professional classes, are qualified to vote by their position. Besides many hundreds of princes, dukes, marquesses, counts, barons and viscounts, there are a lot of individuals of “patrician” rank, individuals with a right to the designation nobile or signori, and sure hereditary knights or cavalieri. In thirteen of the principal towns there are also pretori who’ve completely penal jurisdiction. Appeal may be made from the sentences of the pretori to the tribunals, and from the tribunals to the courts of attraction; from the assize courts there isn’t any appeal except on a degree of type, which appeal goes to the court of cassation at Rome. There is a council of state with advisory capabilities, which can also decide sure questions of administration, especially applications from local authorities and conflicts between ministries, and a courtroom of accounts, which has the precise of inspecting all particulars of state expenditure.
All salaried government officials (except ministers, below-secretaries of state and other high functionaries, and officers in the army or navy), and ecclesiastics, are disqualified for election. The variety of electors (2,541,327) at the final election in 1904 was 29% of the male population over twenty-one years of age, and 7.6% of the full population-exclusive of those quickly disfranchised on account of military service; and of these 62.7% voted. The suffrage is extended to all citizens over twenty-one years of age who can read and write and have both attained a certain standard of elementary schooling or are certified by paying a rent which varies from £6 in communes of 2500 inhabitants to £16 in communes of 150,000 inhabitants, or, if peasant farmers, 16s. of rent; or by being sharers in the income of farms on which not less than £3, 4s. of direct (including provincial) taxation is paid; or by paying not lower than £16 in direct (together with provincial) taxation. The senate consists of princes of the blood who have attained their majority, and of a limiteless variety of senators above forty years of age, who’re certified under any certainly one of twenty-one specified classes-by having either held high office, or attained celeb in science, literature, &c.
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